Abstract

Edible mushrooms are nutrient-dense, being low in calories yet rich in fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. The Pelawan mushroom (Heimioporus sp.), an edible variety native to Indonesia, specifically Bangka Belitung, has remained largely unexplored as a bioactive resource. This study aimed to investigate the proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content, and antioxidant potential of Pelawan mushrooms. Samples were collected from Belitung Island, Indonesia, during the rainy season in April 2024. Proximate analysis revealed that Pelawan mushrooms are low in fat but high in protein, fiber, and vitamin A, along with an abundance of essential minerals and vitamins. Extraction using solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water yielded 3.15 %, 1.26 %, 15.82 %, and 19.11 %, respectively. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays, with the ethyl acetate extract demonstrating the highest activity (IC50 values of 107.5 ppm and 483.0 ppm, respectively). Chemical analysis via LCsingle bondHRMS and GCMS identified key bioactive compounds, including 1-[(3-carboxypropyl)amino]-1-deoxy-β-d-fructofuranose, hex‑2-ulose, citric acid, 13S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. The vitamin and mineral contents support this edible mushroom as antioxidant.

Keywords: Active compounds, Heimioporus sp., Mineral, Phenolics, Vitamin

1. Introduction

Indonesia is a country with a rich biodiversity, including edible mushrooms. Mushrooms are vital to ecology because they break down organic materials, develop symbiosis with plants, and provide food for people. Edible mushrooms are referred to as "the new superfood" due to their bioactive components and nutritional qualities, which include phenolics, polysaccharides, proteins, peptides, lipids, terpenes, and other trace elements (Hamza et al., 2023; Holt, 2024).

Mushrooms have long been part of the human diet as a source of nutrients. These superfoods have a remarkable nutritional profile, making them ideal protein alternatives (Ayimbila & Keawsompong, 2023). Apart from proteins, mushrooms are rich in fiber, which is vital for healthy digestion. B complex vitamins, especially vitamin B12, which is frequently linked to products of animal origin, are also found at substantial levels in various kinds of fungi (Zhou et al., 2024). Minerals such as selenium, potassium, and copper also contribute to the nutritional value of mushrooms (Negi et al., 2024).

The Boletaceae family is commonly known as an edible mushroom (Díaz-Godínez & T´ ellez-T´ ellez, 2021), which has a distinctive porous fruiting body beneath its hood (Vir´ agh et al., 2022). One of the genera is Heimioporus, previously known as Heimiella, has a distinct color that ranges from red to purplish red (Gelardi et al., 2021). Heimioporus is used as a food ingredient in subtropical and tropical regions, including the United States, Australia, Belize, China, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea (Halling et al., 2015; Zeng et al., 2018).

Bangka Belitung Province is one of Indonesia’s provinces with a long history of eating edible mushrooms (Putri & Iskandar, 2024). Heimioporus sp. is known locally as "Jamur Pelawan" or "Kulat Pelawan," which can be translated into English as "Pelawan Mushroom". This mushroom has been identified using morphological and molecular features (Internal Transcribed Spacer, ITS), and the pelawan mushroom was closely related to and in the same clade as H. retrisporus (low homology and kinship) (Putra, 2020). Pelawan grow in seasonal groups on the forest f loor near the root system of the pelawan tree (Tristaniopsis merguensis). It is commonly used in traditional medicine and in cooking. Namang Village (in Belitung Island) residents use this mushroom as a side dish for traditional nganggung festivals, marriages, and murok jerami. This type of mushroom is expensive because it is rare and difficult to cultivate, and the local population views it as a symbol of high social status. The high price should be justified not only by scarcity but also by the desire to increase its functionality. One important function is antioxidant activity which can prevent the oxidative stress (Sevindik et al., 2020). However, little research has been conducted on the potential of Pelawan mushroom and the production of other bioactive compounds of this mushroom. The goal of this study was to establish proximate data, mineral and vitamin contents, and antioxidant activity of Pelawan mushrooms.

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Keywords:Cartilage, Culture Technique, Secretome, Stem Cells, Three-Dimensional