#biomarkers

Exploratory correlates of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients from a resource-limited setting biochemical markers and vascular NF- BSGLT2 expression

Abstract Objective. This study aimed to analyze biochemical determinants of calcification by assessing calcium–phosphate product, magnesium, iPTH, vitamin D3 , NF-κB, and SGLT2 expression as potential markers of vascular injury in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, involving 30 adult ESRD patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis via radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. SGLT2 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against SGLT2 (1:100 dilution, Biocare Medical). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 21; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R version 4.5.1. Results. Among 30 CKD patients, vascular calcification was detected in 30% of cases.