Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stem cells with the potential ability to differentiate into various cells and the ability to self-renew and resemble fibroblasts. These cells can adhere to plastic to facilitate the culture process. MSCs can be used in research into tissue biotechnology and rejuvenation medicine. MSCs are also beneficial in recipient tissue and differentiate as a breakthrough strategy through paracrine activity. Many databases have shown MSC-based treatment can be beneficial in the reduction of osteogenesis induced by senescence. In this article, we will discuss the potential effect of MSCs in senescence cells related to osteogenesis.

Keywords: cellular senescence; mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs senescence; osteogenesis

1. Introduction

Senescence is a time-dependent functional decline that affects most organisms and is an important risk factor for human diseases such as malignancy, glucose metabolism disorder, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative process [1]. Cellular senescence can be defined as persistent cell cycle termination associated with stereotyped phenotypic changes [2–4]. The cellular senescence process can be altered in response to external stimuli, including the lessening of telomere length, oxidative stress, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) injury, and oncogene activation [5].

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as multiple, mature, non-hematopoietic stem cells collected separately from bone marrow [6]. MSCs have been harvested and extracted from different tissues and organs, such as peripheral blood, umbilical cord, bone marrow, Wharton’s Jelly, placental tissue, breast milk, and other growth contributing organs, via different methods [7–9].

In order to achieve a minimal capacity to differentiate between osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondroblast in vitro, the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) has established minimum criteria for development of MSCs such as good adherence to plastic and fibro-blastoid, good immunophenotypic expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 73, CD90, CD105, and minimal expression of CD34, CD45, CD14, CD19, CD79a, and human leukocyte antigen—DR isotype (HLA-DR) surface markers [10]. MSCs derived from these tissues show heterogeneity in biological features and functional abilities related to proliferative capacity, potentiation of multi-lineage derivative, proangiogenic ability, and immunomodulatory activity [11].

Senescence in tissue or organs is related to the loss of regenerative ability and functional deterioration, both of which are hypothetically associated with stem cells’ activity. Senescence may also be associated with the decline of stem cells, senescence of cells, premature aging, compromised renewal ability, or even skew differentiation [12]